J Korean Ophthalmol Soc > Volume 65(8); 2024 > Article |
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Study | Age/sex | Region | COVID-19 disease course | Duration between COVID-19 positivity and ocular symptoms | BCVA at first visit | Ocular symptoms and fundus findings | MRI finding | Diagnosis | Management | Disease course and final BCVA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Deane et al9 | 21/F | USA | Mild form | 1 week | RE = 20/20 | BE: disc swelling | Hyperdense signals in the left optic nerve | LE ON | IVMP, remdesivir | After 5 days: VA returned to normal |
LE = HM | LE: EOM movement pain | |||||||||
Sawalha et al10 | 44/M | USA | Mild form | 2 weeks | RE = 20/200 | BE: EOM movement pain | Enhancement in the right more than the left optic nerve | BE MOGAD | IVMP | After 48 hours: improved VA and pain relieved |
LE = 20/30 | ||||||||||
Rodríguez-Rodríguez et al11 | 55/F | Mexico | Mild form | 2 weeks | RE = 20/40 | LE: EOM movement pain | Increased signal in the left optic nerve | LE ON | Oxygen therapy, IVMP | After 1 month: 20/400; after 3 months: vision did not improve |
LE = 20/200 | Oligoclonal IgG bands in CSF | |||||||||
Žorić et al12 | 63/M | Serbia | Moderate form | 4 weeks | RE = 20/630 | RE: disc swelling | Normal orbits and optic nerves (performed on the 7th day of hospitalization) | RE MOGAD | IVMP | After 5 days: 20/60; after 3 months: 20/20 |
LE = 20/20 | ||||||||||
Jossy et al13 | 16/M | India | Mild form | 2 weeks | RE = 20/ 20 | LE: EOM movement pain | Hyperintensity in the left optic nerve | LE retrobulbar ON | IVMP | After 7 days: 20/120; after 2 months: 20/32 |
LE = LP | ||||||||||
38/M | India | Mild form | 6 weeks | RE = 20/20 | LE: EOM movement pain | Hyperintense lesions along both optic nerves | LE MOGAD | IVMP | After 7 days: 20/20 | |
LE = HM | ||||||||||
Sarwar et al14 | 47/F | USA | Moderate form | 3 weeks | RE = 20/20 | LE: EOM movement pain | Multiple scattered periventricular lesions and hyperintense lesions involving periventricular areas of both hemispheres | LE MS associated ON | IVMP | Improvement of VA |
LE = 60/200 | LE: mild disc swelling | |||||||||
Azab et al15 | 32/M | Egypt | Severe form | 2 weeks | RE = 20/30 | LE: mild disc swelling | left optic nerve swelling | LE ON | IVMP | At the third visit: 20/40 |
LE = 20/200 | ||||||||||
Benito-Pascual et al16 | 60/F | Spain | Moderate | Concurrent | RE = 20/20 | LE: EOM movement pain | - | LE Panuveitis and ON | Oral PDN, hydroxychl oroquine, Kaletra | After 15 days: 20/40 |
LE = 20/200 | LE BM: panuveitis in AC with 3+, posterior synechiae | |||||||||
LE fundus: vitritis 1+, disc swelling, subretinal fluid, peripapillary choroidal folds | ||||||||||
Assavapongpaiboon et al17 | 35/F | Bangkok | Mild form | 1 week | RE = 20/ 32 | LE: EOM movement pain | Swollen optic nerve sheath | BE MOGAD | IVMP, Favipiravir | After 8 days: BE = 20/30; after 4 weeks: RE = 20/25, LE = 20/20 |
LE = CF | BE fundus: disc swelling | |||||||||
Sainath et al18 | 56/F | India | Mild form | 2 weeks | BE = CF | BE: EOM movement pain | Swelling of the right optic nerve | BE retrobulbar ON | IVMP | After 7 days: BE = 20/30 |
Mahfuzullah et al19 | 45/M | Bangladesh | Mild form | 3 weeks | RE = 20/400 | RE fundus: disc swelling | With in normal limit | RE ON | IVMP | After treatment: 20/30 |
LE = 20/20 | ||||||||||
28/F | Bangladesh | Mild form | 4 weeks | RE = 20/20 | LE fundus: disc swelling | With in normal limit | LE ON | IVMP | After treatment: 20/20 | |
LE = 20/120 | ||||||||||
40/F | Bangladesh | Mild form | 8 weeks | RE = 20/400 | RE fundus: disc swelling | With in normal limit | RE ON | IVMP | After treatment: 20/80 | |
LE = 20/20 | ||||||||||
Zhou et al20 | 26/M | USA | Mild form | Concurrent | RE = HM | BE fundus: disc swelling, retinal hemorrhage | Enhancement and thickening of both optic nerves extending to the intracranial prechiasmal segments | BE MOGAD | IVMP | After 3 weeks: improvement in vision |
LE = 20/250 | ||||||||||
Parvez et al21 | 10/F | USA | Mild form | Concurrent | LE vision loss | Indicated the patient had optic neuritis of the left eye | Enlargement and hyperintensity of the left optic nerve | LE ON | IVMP | After 3 days: visual recovery |
Catharino et al22 | 64/M | USA | Mild form | Concurrent | LE visual loss | LE fundus: optical disc pallor, enlarged excavation and macula loss of brightness | High signal in the left optic nerve | LE ON | IVMP | After 5 days: partial recovery |
Kogure et al23 | 47/M | Japan | Mild form | Concurrent | LE = 20/100 | LE: EOM movement pain | Bilateral (leftdominant) enhancement in the optic nerve sheaths | LE MOGAD | IVMP | After 10 days: vision improved |
Sardar et al24 | 38/F | Qatar | Mild form | 2 weeks | LE vision loss | LE: EOM movement pain | Effacement of the perioptic optic CSF space, diffuse increased signal bilateral optic nerve | LE ON | IVMP | After treatment: VA improvement |
LE fundus: severe optic disc swelling | ||||||||||
de Ruijter et al25 | 15/M | Netherlands | Mild form | 2 weeks | RE = 1/300 | BE fundus: disc swelling | Bilateral edematous optic nerve lesion (RE > LE) | BE MOGAD | IVMP | After 2 weeks: VA improvement |
LE = 1/70 | ||||||||||
AlSalihi et al26 | 33/F | Iraq | Mild form | 1 week | RE = 20/30 | BE fundus: unremarkable | Enhancing patch over the retrobulbar segment of both optic nerves | BE ON | IVMP | After 3 weeks: VA improvement |
LE = 20/120 | ||||||||||
Sinha et al27 | 13/M | India | Mild form | Concurrent | BE = 20/400 | BE fundus: disc swelling | BE ON | IVMP | Complete restoration of vision | |
RojasCorrea et al28 | 69/M | Spain | Mild form | 2 weeks | RE = 20/60 | BE fundus: disc swelling | Enhancement of both optic nerves | BE MOGAD | IVMP | After 5 days: RE = 20/30, LE = 20/25; after 24 weeks: RE = 20/30, LE = 20/25 |
LE = 20/30 | ||||||||||
Wodhall et al29 | 39/F | United Kingdom | Mild form | 6 days | RE = HM | RE: EOM movement pain | - | RE MOGAD | IVMP | After 1 weeks: 20/125 |
LE = 20/20 | ||||||||||
Palao et al30 | 29/F | Spain | Mild form | 2-3 weeks | RE = 20/200 | RE: eye pain when moving the eyeball | Enhancement of right optic nerves, sparse demyelinating lesions | RE MS associated ON | IVMP | After treatment: 20/30 |
RE fundus: papillitis | ||||||||||
Kivanany et al31 | 35/F | New Zealand | Mild form | 6 weeks | RE = LP | Binocular diplopia, esotropia, left abducens nerve palsy | Enhancement of right optic nerves, nonenhancing central cord abnormality | Post infectious NMOSD | IVMP | No significant vision improvement |
LE = 20/40 | RE: EOM movement pain | |||||||||
BE fundus: disc swelling (RE > LE) | ||||||||||
Behera et al32 | 22/F | India | - | 6 weeks | RE = 20/30 | Left facial palsy | Hyperintensity of bilateral optic nerves | Parainfectious BE ON | IVMP | After 1 weeks: BE = 20/20 |
LE = 20/80 | BE fundus: bilateral disc swelling |
BCVA = best corrected visual acuity; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; RE = right eye; LE = left eye; HM = hand motion; BE = both eyes; EOM = extraocular muscle; ON = optic neuritis; IVMP = intravenous methyl prednisolone; VA = visual acuity; MOGAD = myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody associated optic neuritis; CSF = cerebrospinal fluid; LP = light perception; MS = multiple sclerosis; BM = biomicroscopy; PDN = prednisone; CF = counting fingers; NMOSD = Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.
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